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Double Triode

History Of The Computerflip-Flops - A Fundamental Counter

Flip-Flops - A basic counter

We seemed at the Binary system, and fundamental laptop logic parts, in earlier articles, "It is a binary world - how computer systems rely" and "How computer systems add - a logical strategy".

Now we are able to mix two parts of these articles to have a look at a counter. Another frequent logic element in a pc is a counter or timer. This can b to depend objects going previous a sensor on an assembly line, or probably a count-down timer. For example, if you have a late model washer it is going to have a easy laptop using a depend down timer to give 10 minute wash cycle, etc.

There are a number of types of counter, practically all of which use a primary factor of electronics, the Flip-Flop. And you thought they had been rubber footwear English folks wear to the shower or the beach. (At this level Australians say "I thought they had been called thongs").

OK back on topic. The flip-flop is as old as electronics, and is a traditional example of the binary system. It has two potential steady states, A or B, and may be 'toggled' from one state to the opposite, just like a 'push-on, push-off' switch. It was originally made with vacuum tubes (or one, for instance a double triode).

It normally has two outputs, one being the complement of the other. That is,if one output(A) is a logic 0, the opposite(B) is a logic 1, and vice-versa. The input, or Toggle(T) is at logic zero until a pulse from a sensor, for example, comes along. This pulse takes the logic state to 1, then again to 0. The toggle impact, causing the Flip-Flop to flip, is actually the CHANGE from 0 to 1.

In logic phrases the flip-flop is made up utilizing AND and OR gates, in logic cicuitry it is only a 'black field' labelled FF. Several FFs may be grouped into yet another black field, a counter, timer, or multivibrator.

We can make up a Truth Table, which we've used before. Should you recall, a fact table tells you what the Output shall be for all attainable Inputs.

TRUTH TABLE for Flip Flop - Toggle (C)hange,- Outputs A and B.

INITIAL STATE

T B A zero 1 zero 'A' output is 0

PULSE 1

T B A C zero 1 'A' output is 1

PULSE 2

T B A C 1 0 'A' output is 0

Now we string some flip-flops together to make a counter. Say we've a sensor on a beer bottling machine, which has to rely 5 bottles earlier than switching the feed, we have to count as much as 5, or one zero one in Binary. We are going to need three flip-flops, for binary bits 0,1 and a pair of, akin to decimal bit value of 1,2 and 4.

We'll take the A output of the 3 flip-flops to a decoder black box, which we can use to detect once we get to five, then switch the feed. The B output of flip-flop 0 is handed to the toggle input of flip-flop 1 via an AND gate, so the next pulse from the sensor (which works to all three flip-flops) at this AND gate will toggle the flip-flop, relying on the worth of the B output, zero or 1. Similarly the B output of flip-flop 1 goes to the toggle of flip-flop 3 via an AND gate.

Our 3 Flip-Flops now come up with a fact table like this:-

INITIAL STATE

FF2 FF1 FF0

TBA TBA TBA

010 010 010 'A' outputs 000 - 0

PULSE 1

FF2 FF1 FF0

TBA TBA TBA

C10 C10 C01 'A' outputs 001 - 1

[The (C)hange flips FF0 (always). FF1 & FF2 are blocked by the AND gate which wants a zero enter from the previous FF 'B' output AND the pulse change.]

PULSE 2

FF2 FF1 FF0

TBA TBA TBA

C10 C01 C10 'A' outputs 010 - 2

[The (C)hange flips FF0 (at all times). FF1 flips beacause the 'B' output from FF0 is a zero when the Pulse arrives. FF2 is blocked as before.]

PULSE three

FF2 FF1 FF0

TBA TBA TBA

C10 C01 C01 'A' outputs 011 - 3

[FF0 flips, FF1 is blocked again,as is FF2.]

PULSE four

FF2 FF1 FF0

TBA TBA TBA

C01 C10 C10 'A' outputs one hundred - 4

(FF0 flips, FF1 flips, FF2 flips.)

PULSE 5

FF2 FF1 FF0

TBA TBA TBA

C01 C10 C01 'A' outputs one zero one - 5

depend full!

[FF0 flips, FF1 and FF2 are blocked.]

This counter can rely as much as 111, 7 decimal, it then resets to 0. A few interesting points to notice are:-

1. FF0 flips every pulse. FF1 flips each 2 pulses. FF2 flips every four pulses etc. These information can be used to make up a divider, which could be cascaded. For instance the four pulse output can go to a second counter which also offers a four pulse output, totalling 16. This may be expanded to make up a decadic counter by decoding a count of 1010 (10 decimal) and utilizing this to toggle the next counter, etc. What about 60 and 12 for your digital watch?

2. Have a look at the 'B' outputs from the counter. In sequence the

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